FastAPI Endpoint Builder

When to use

Use this skill when you need to:

• Add new API endpoints to an existing FastAPI project
• Build CRUD operations with proper validation and error handling
• Set up authenticated endpoints with dependency injection
• Create async database queries with SQLAlchemy 2.0
• Generate complete test coverage for API routes

Phase 1: Explore (Plan Mode)

Enter plan mode. Before writing any code, explore the existing project to understand:

Project structure

• Find the FastAPI app entry point (main.py, app.py, or app/__init__.py)
• Identify the router organization pattern (single file vs routers/ directory)
• Check for existing models/, schemas/, crud/, or services/ directories
• Look at pyproject.toml or requirements.txt for installed dependencies

Existing patterns

• How are existing endpoints structured? (function-based vs class-based)
• What ORM is used? (SQLAlchemy 2.0 async, Tortoise, raw SQL, none)
• How is the database session managed? (Depends(get_db), middleware, other)
• What auth pattern exists? (OAuth2PasswordBearer, API key header, custom)
• Are there existing Pydantic base models or shared schemas?
• What response format is standard? (direct model, wrapped {"data": ..., "meta": ...})

Test patterns

• Where do tests live? (tests/, test_.py, _test.py)
• What test client is used? (httpx AsyncClient, TestClient, pytest-asyncio)
• Are there test fixtures for database and auth?

Phase 2: Interview (AskUserQuestion)

Use AskUserQuestion to clarify requirements. Ask in rounds — do NOT dump all questions at once.

Round 1: Core endpoint

Question: "What resource does this endpoint manage?"
Header: "Resource"
Options:
  - "New resource (I'll describe the fields)" — Creating a new data model from scratch
  - "Existing model (extend it)" — Adding endpoints for a model that already exists in the codebase
  - "Relationship endpoint (nested)" — e.g., /users/{id}/orders — endpoint on a related resource

Question: "Which HTTP methods do you need?"
Header: "Methods"
multiSelect: true
Options:
  - "Full CRUD (GET list, GET detail, POST, PUT/PATCH, DELETE)" — All standard operations
  - "Read-only (GET list + GET detail)" — No mutations
  - "Custom action (POST /resource/{id}/action)" — Business logic endpoint, not standard CRUD

Round 2: Data model (if new resource)

Question: "What fields does the resource have? (describe briefly)"
Header: "Fields"
Options:
  - "Simple (< 6 fields, basic types)" — Strings, ints, booleans, dates
  - "Medium (6-15 fields, some relations)" — Includes foreign keys or enums
  - "Complex (nested objects, polymorphic)" — JSON fields, discriminated unions, computed fields

Round 3: Auth and access control

Question: "How should this endpoint be authenticated?"
Header: "Auth"
Options:
  - "JWT Bearer token (Recommended)" — OAuth2PasswordBearer with JWT decode
  - "API Key header" — X-API-Key header validation
  - "No auth (public)" — Open endpoint, no authentication required
  - "Use existing auth" — Reuse the auth dependency already in the project

Question: "Do you need role-based access control?"
Header: "RBAC"
Options:
  - "No — any authenticated user" — Single permission level
  - "Yes — role check (admin, user, etc.)" — Require specific roles per endpoint
  - "Yes — ownership check" — Users can only access their own resources

Round 4: Pagination, filtering, caching

Question: "What pagination style for list endpoints?"
Header: "Pagination"
Options:
  - "Cursor-based (Recommended)" — Best for real-time data, no offset drift
  - "Offset/limit" — Simple, good for admin panels with page numbers
  - "No pagination" — Small datasets, return all results

Question: "Do you need response caching?"
Header: "Caching"
Options:
  - "No caching" — Fresh data on every request
  - "Cache-Control headers" — Client-side caching via HTTP headers
  - "Redis/in-memory cache" — Server-side caching with TTL

Phase 3: Plan (ExitPlanMode)

Write a concrete implementation plan covering:

• Files to create/modify — exact paths based on project structure discovered in Phase 1
• Pydantic schemas — Create, Update, Response, and List schemas with field types
• SQLAlchemy model — table name, columns, relationships, indexes
• CRUD/service layer — async functions for each operation
• Router — endpoint signatures, status codes, response models
• Dependencies — auth, pagination, filtering dependencies
• Tests — test cases for happy path, validation errors, auth failures, not found

Present via ExitPlanMode for user approval.

Phase 4: Execute

After approval, implement following this order:

Step 1: Pydantic schemas

from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
from datetime import datetime
from uuid import UUID

class ResourceBase(BaseModel):
    """Shared fields between create and response."""
    name: str
    # ... fields from interview

class ResourceCreate(ResourceBase):
    """Fields required to create the resource."""
    pass

class ResourceUpdate(BaseModel):
    """All fields optional for partial updates."""
    name: str | None = None

class ResourceResponse(ResourceBase):
    """Full resource with DB-generated fields."""
    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)
    id: UUID
    created_at: datetime
    updated_at: datetime

class ResourceListResponse(BaseModel):
    """Paginated list response."""
    data: list[ResourceResponse]
    next_cursor: str | None = None
    has_more: bool

Step 2: SQLAlchemy model

from sqlalchemy import Column, String, DateTime, func
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID as PG_UUID
import uuid
from app.database import Base

class Resource(Base):
    __tablename__ = "resources"

    id = Column(PG_UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
    name = Column(String, nullable=False, index=True)
    created_at = Column(DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now())
    updated_at = Column(DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now(),

Step 3: CRUD/service layer

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy import select
from uuid import UUID

async def get_resource(db: AsyncSession, resource_id: UUID) -> Resource | None:
    result = await db.execute(select(Resource).where(Resource.id == resource_id))
    return result.scalar_one_or_none()

async def list_resources(
    db: AsyncSession,
    cursor: str | None = None,
    limit: int = 20,
) -> tuple[list[Resource], str | None]:
    query = select(Resource).order_by(Resource.created_at.desc()).limit(limit + 1)
    if cursor:
        query = query.where(Resource.created_at < decode_cursor(cursor))
    result = await db.execute(query)
    items = list(result.scalars().all())
    next_cursor = encode_cursor(items[-1].created_at) if len(items) > limit else None
    return items[:limit], next_cursor

async def create_resource(db: AsyncSession, data: ResourceCreate) -> Resource:
    resource = Resource(**data.model_dump())
    db.add(resource)
    await db.commit()
    await db.refresh(resource)
    return resource

async def update_resource(
    db: AsyncSession, resource_id: UUID, data: ResourceUpdate
) -> Resource | None:
    resource = await get_resource(db, resource_id)
    if not resource:
        return None
    for field, value in data.model_dump(exclude_unset=True).items():
        setattr(resource, field, value)
    await db.commit()
    await db.refresh(resource)
    return resource

async def delete_resource(db: AsyncSession, resource_id: UUID) -> bool:
    resource = await get_resource(db, resource_id)
    if not resource:
        return False
    await db.delete(resource)
    await db.commit()
    return True

Step 4: Router with dependencies

from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, status
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from uuid import UUID

router = APIRouter(prefix="/resources", tags=["resources"])

@router.get("", response_model=ResourceListResponse)
async def list_resources_endpoint(
    cursor: str | None = Query(None),
    limit: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),  # if auth required
):
    items, next_cursor = await list_resources(db, cursor=cursor, limit=limit)
    return ResourceListResponse(
        data=items,
        next_cursor=next_cursor,
        has_more=next_cursor is not None,
    )

@router.get("/{resource_id}", response_model=ResourceResponse)
async def get_resource_endpoint(
    resource_id: UUID,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
):
    resource = await get_resource(db, resource_id)
    if not resource:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Resource not found")
    return resource

@router.post("", response_model=ResourceResponse, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_resource_endpoint(
    data: ResourceCreate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
):
    return await create_resource(db, data)

@router.patch("/{resource_id}", response_model=ResourceResponse)
async def update_resource_endpoint(
    resource_id: UUID,
    data: ResourceUpdate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
):
    resource = await update_resource(db, resource_id, data)
    if not resource:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Resource not found")
    return resource

@router.delete("/{resource_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
async def delete_resource_endpoint(
    resource_id: UUID,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user),
):
    deleted = await delete_resource(db, resource_id)
    if not deleted:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Resource not found")

Step 5: Tests

```python

import pytest

from httpx import AsyncClient, ASGITransport

from app.main import app

@pytest.fixture

async def client():

async with AsyncClient(

transport=ASGITransport(app=app), base_url="http://test"

) as ac:

yield ac

@pytest.mark.asyncio

async def test_create_resource(client: AsyncClient, auth_headers: dict):

response = await client.post(

"/resources",

json={"name": "Test Resource"},

headers=auth_headers,

)

assert response.status_code == 201

data = response.json()

assert data["name"] == "Test Resource"

assert "id" in data

@pytest.mark.asyncio

async def test_get_resource_not_found(client: AsyncClient, auth_headers: dict):

response = await client.get(

"/resources/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",

headers=auth_headers,

)

assert response.status_code == 404

@pytest.mark.asyncio

async def test_list_resources_pagination(client: AsyncClient, auth_headers: dict):

# Create multiple resources first

for i in range(5):

await client.post(

"/resources",

json={"name": f"Resource {i}"},

headers=auth_headers,

)

response = await client.get("/resources?limit=2", headers=auth_headers)

assert response.status_code == 200

data = response.json()

assert len(data["data"]) == 2

assert data["has_more"] is True

assert data["next_cursor"] is not None

@pytest.mark.asyncio

async def test_create_resource_unauthorized(client: AsyncClient):

response = await client.post("/resources", json={"name": "Test"})

assert response.status_code in (401, 403)

@pytest.mark.asyncio

async def test_update_resource_partial(client: AsyncClient, auth_headers: dict):

# Create

create_resp = await client.post(

"/resources",

json={"name": "Original"},

headers=auth_headers,

)

resource_id = create_resp.json()